How University Graduation Shapes Attitudes Toward Employment in Different Generations Operating at Job Market?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2021.140302Keywords:
age, generation, graduate, job position, labor market, occupational employmentAbstract
The article deals with the evaluation of university graduates’ attitudes towards job characteristics based on their generation. Research shows that the attitudes of individuals in the labor market are currently changing. However, the question is to what extent this change is related to the entry of a new generation or to what extent generational affiliation plays a role in the different attitudes of individuals in the labor market. Therefore, the aim is to test the proposition whether the age of a graduate, respectively his / her affiliation to the generation X, Y or Z affects attitudes towards job characteristics. The partial goal of the article is to identify the main attitudes of searched generations to employment, the second partial goal is to identify attitudes to the evaluation of the benefits of university study in relation to employment. This paper evaluates data from the case study of a selected business university. The return rate of primary survey was representative for the graduates of the case university. The results obtained were statistically tested. Analysis of differences between age and selected factors was used. The analysis showed statistically significant differences between members of generation X, Y and Z in all investigated factors.
References
Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. A., Griffith, J. A. and Buckley, M. R. (2017) ‘What works for you may not work for (Gen)Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation’, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.001
Becton, J. B., Walker, H. J. and Jones-Farmer, A. (2014) ‘Generational differences in workplace behavior’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp.175–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12208
Benson, J. and Brown, M. (2011) ‘Generations at work: are there differences and do they matter?’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 1843–1865. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.573966
Bencsik, A., Horváth-Csikós, G. and Juhász, T., (2016) ‘Y a Z generation in Workplace’, Journal of Competitiveness, Vol. 8, No 3, pp. 90– 06. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2016.03.06
Deloitte (2020) Survey: Deloitte MillenialSurvey, [online], Available: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/deloitte-2020-millennial-survey.pdf [8 Jan 2021].
Donia, M. B. L. and Tetrault Sirsly, C. A. (2016) ‘Determinants and consequences of employee attributions of corporate social responsibility as substantive or symbolic’, European Management Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.02.004
Campbell, S., M., Twenge, J., M. and Campbell, W. K. (2017) ‘Fuzzy But Useful Constructs: Making Sense of the Differences Between Generations’, Work, Aging and Retirement, Vol. 3, No 2, pp.130–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax001
Czech Statistical Office. (2019) Míry zaměstnanosti, nezaměstnanosti a ekonomické aktivity - říjen 2019 [Employment, unemployment and economic activity rates - October 2019], [Online], Available: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/cri/miry-zamestnanosti-nezamestnanosti-a-ekonomicke-aktivity-rijen-2019 [19 Oct 2020].
Ferri-Reed, J. (2010) ‘The keys to engaging millennials’, Journal for Quality and Participation, Vol. 33, No.1, pp. 31–33.
Fryer, L. K., Van den Broeck, A., Ginns, P. and Nakao, K. (2016) ‘Understanding Students’ Instrumental Goals, Motivation Deficits and Achievement: Through the Lens of a Latent Profile Analysis’, Psychologica Belgica, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 226–243. http://doi.org/10.5334/pb.265
Glazer, S., Mahoney, A. C. and Randall, Y. (2019) ‘Employee development’s role in organizational commitment: a preliminary investigation comparing generation X and millennial employees’, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-07-2018-0061
Gadomska-Lila, K. (2020) ‘Value Systems of Various Generations’, Human Resource Management / Zarzadzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi, Vol. 133 No. 2, pp. 27–40. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0731
Gurau, C. (2012) ‘A life-stage analysis of consumer loyalty profile: comparing Generation X and Millennial consumers’, Journal Consumer Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761211206357
Gursoy, D., Geng-Quing Chi, Ch., and Karadag. (2013) ‘Generational differences in work values and attitudes among frontline and service contact employees’, International Journal of hospitality management, Vol. 32, pp. 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.002
Horváthová, P. and Čopíková, A. (2015) ‘Generation Y and its impact on the performance of personnel activities’, 15th International Scientific Conference on Globalization and its socio-economic consequences, Žilina, pp. 218–223.
Iorgolescu, M. C. (2016) ‘Generation Z and its perception of work’, Cross-Cultural management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 47–54.
Ismail, M., Rahim, A. N. A., Lee, K. H. and Mohd Thahrir, N. F. (2016) ‘Cultural values and career goals of gen-X and gen-Y employees: evidence from selected Malaysian companies’, Organizations and Markets in emerging economies, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.43–64. https://doi.org/10.15388/OMEE.2016.7.2.14207
Jones, D. A., Willness, C. R. and Madey, S. (2014) ‘Why are job seekers attracted by corporate social performance? Experimental and field tests of three signal-based mechanisms’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 57, pp. 383-04. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0848
Judge, T. A. and Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012) ‘On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition’. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 758–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028084
Kirovová, I. (2011) ‘Od tradiční kariéry k současným kariérním koncepcím’, Československá Psychologie, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 316 –331.
Kopecký, L. (2013) Public relations, Dějiny-teorie- praxe [Public relations, history-theory- practice], Prague: Grada Publishing.
Koucký, J. and Zelenka, M. (2011) Postavení vysokoškoláků a uplatnění absolventů vysokých škol na pracovním trhu 2011 [Position of university students and employment of university graduates on the labour market], Prague: Středisko vzdělávací politiky, Univerzita Karlova v Praze.
Krahn, H. J. and Galambos, N. L. (2014) ‘Work values and beliefs of ‘Generation X’ and ‘Generation Y’, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.815701
Kunze, F., Boehm, S. and Bruch, H. (2013) ‘Age, resistance to change, and job performance’, Journal of Management Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 7-8, pp. 741–760. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0194
Kubátová, J. (2016) ‘Work-Related Attitudes of Czech Generation Z: International Comparison’, Central European Business Review, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 61–70. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.167
Kuron, L. K. J., Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L. and Ng, E. S. W. (2015) ‘Millennials’ work values: differencies across the school to work transition’, Personnel Review, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 991–1009. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2014-0024
Lee, Y.-J. and Haley E. (2020) ‘How Do Generational differences Drive Response to Social -Issue Ads? The Effect of Value Orientations Across Generations in the U.S’, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 271–289. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2019-013
Lyons, S. T. and Kuron, L. (2014) ‘Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 35, No. S1, pp. 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1913
Maršíková, K and Urbánek, V. (2015) ‘A comparison of educational mismatches across Europe’, Ekonomie and Management, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 24–38. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2015-4-002
Malik, S. and Khera S.N. (2014) ‘New generation –great expectations Exploring the work attributes of gen y’, Global Journal of Finance and Management, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 433–438.
Mavromaras, K. and McGuinness, S. (2012) ‘Overskilling dynamics and education pathways’, Ecoomics of Education Review, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.02.006
Ng, E. S., and McGinnis-Johnson, J. (2015) ‘Millennials: Who are they, how are they different, and why should we care?’, in Burke, R. J., Cooper, C. and Antoniou A. (ed.), The Multigenerational Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities for Organisations, pp. 121–137
Raemdonck, I., Beausaert, S., Fröhlich, D. Kochoian, N. and Meurant, C. (2015) ‘Age related changes in learning and employability’, in Bal, P. M., Kooij, D. T. A. M. and Rosseau, D. (ed.), Aging Workers and the Employee-Employer Relationship, pp. 163–184. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08007-9
O’Leary, S. (2017) ‘Graduates’ experiences of, and attitudes towards, the inclusion of employability-related support in undergraduate degree programmes; trends and variations by subject discipline and gender’, Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 84–105. https://doi:10.1080/13639080.2015.1122181
Rupp, D. E. Shao, R., Thornton, M. A. and Skarlicki, D. P. (2013) ‘Applicants' and employees' reactions to corporate social responsibility: the moderating effects of first-party justice perceptions and moral identity’, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 895–933. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12030
Rampl, V. L (2014) ‘How to become an employer of choice: transforming employer brand associations into employer first-choice brands’, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 30, No. 13-14, pp. 1486–1504. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2014.934903
Saba, T. (2013) Understanding generational differences in the workplace: Findings and conclusions, Kingston, ON: Queen’s University IRC.
Salahodjaev, R. (2015) ‘Is more always good? Over-education, job satisfaction and wages on the Czech labor market’, Society and economy, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.3.5
Rani, N. and Samuel, A. (2016) ‘A study on generational differences in work values and person-organization fit and its effect on turnover intention of Generation Y in India’, Management Research Review, Vol. 39. No. 12, pp. 1695–1719. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2015-0249
Sánchez-Sánchez, N. and McGuiness, S. (2015) ‘Decomposing the impacts of overeducation and overskilling on earnings and job satisfaction: an analysis using REFLEX data’, Educations economics, Vol. 23., No. 4, pp. 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2013.846297
Schroth, H. (2019) ‘Are You ready for generation Z in Workplace?’, Californiam Management Review, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619841006
Shragay, D. and Tziner, A. (2011) ‘The Generational Effect on the Relationship between Job Involvement, Work Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior’, Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 143–157. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2011v27n2a6
Schultz, R. and Schwepker, Ch. H. (2012) ‘Boomers vs. Millennials: Critical Conflict Regarding Sales Culture, SalesforceRecognition, and Supervisor Expectations’, International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 32–41.
Spurk, D. and Abele, A. E. (2011) ‘Who earns more and why? A multiple mediation model from personality to salary’, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9184-3
Šnýdrová, M., Vnoučková, L. and Šnýdrová, I. (2019) ‘Factors affecting choice of employment by university graduates’, Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 159–170.
Twenge, J. M. Campbell, S.M., Hoffman, B.J. and Lance, Ch. E. (2010) ‘Generational differences in Work Values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing’, Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp.1117–1142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352246
Yi, X., Ribbens, B., Fu, L. and Weibo Cheng, L. F. (2015) ‘Variation in career and workplace attitudes by generation, gender, and culture differences in career perceptions in the United States and China’, Employee Relations, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2014-0005
Yogamalar, I. and Samuel, A. (2016) ‘Shared values and organizational citizenship behavior of generational cohorts: A Review and future directions’, Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 249–271.
Turner, A. (2015) ‘Generation Z: Technology and Social Interest’, The Journal of Individual Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 2. Pp. 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1353/jip.2015.0021
Vnoučková, L., Smolová, H. and Depoo, T. (2019) ‘The Perceived Value of Higher Business Education: A Survey of Business Students’, Aula, Vol. 27, No. 1-2. pp. 20–32.
Zelenka, M. (2019) ‘Massification of tertiary education and the change in the position of graduates on the labor market in the Visegrad countries’, Aula, Vol. 17, No. 1-2. pp. 3–20. [in Czech]
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Markéta Šnýdrová, Lucie Depoo, Ivana Šnýdrová
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors declare with this manuscript intended for publication to ERIES Journal that:
- all co-authors agree with the publication of the manuscript even after amendments arising from peer review;
- all co-authors agree with the posting of the full text of this work on the web page of ERIES Journal and to the inclusion of references in databases accessible on the internet;
- no results of other researchers were used in the submitted manuscript without their consent, proper citation, or acknowledgement of their cooperation or material provided;
- the results (or any part of them) used in the manuscript have not been sent for publication to any other journal nor have they already been published (or if so, that the relevant works are cited in this manuscript);
- submission of the manuscript for publication was completed in accordance with the publishing regulations pertaining to place of work;
- experiments performed comply with current laws and written consent of the Scientific Ethics Committee / National Animal Care Authority (as is mentioned in the manuscript submitted);
- grant holders confirm that they have been informed of the submitted manuscript and they agree to its publication.
Authors retain copyright and grant ERIES Journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the published work with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. Moreover, authors are able to post the published work in an institutional repository with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. In addition, authors are permitted and encouraged to post the published work online (e.g. institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.