Internet Addiction in University Students – Czech study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2022.150204Keywords:
CIAS-R questionnaire, Internet addiction, screening and digital criteria, university studentsAbstract
The main purpose of the presented study is to explore the existing risk of Internet addiction for undergraduate students of Czech universities. The research was conducted as quantitative research; a CIAS-R questionnaire was applied. The data were collected in the years just before the Covid-19 pandemic (between October 2019 and March 2020). 3,366 respondents (2,151 females and 1,215 males) participated in our questionnaire survey. The average CIAS-R score achieved by our respondents was 44 points. It equals 6% of addicted college students (when applying the cut-off point of 63/64), and 3% of addicted students (when applying the cut-off point of 67/68). A significantly higher risk was revealed in males and in full-time students compared to females, and part-time students, respectively. The type of faculty studied was proved to be a significant intervening variable. Applying the 63/64 cut-off point, we revealed 5.6% of addicted students among the students of faculties of education, which is alarming (even if we consider the fact that applying the 67/68 cut-off point, we revealed 2.7% of addicted students.). These students represented almost 50% of our respondents, and they, as future teachers, will play an important role in the prevention of risky behavior.
References
Alizamar, A., Ifdil, I., Taufik, T., Syahniar, S., Afdal, A., Hariko, R., Yendi, F. M., Ardi, Z., Fadli, R. P., Erwinda, L., Zola, N., Suranata, K., Bariyyah, K. and Rangka, I. B. (2018) ‘Measuring internet addiction: adaptation and validation of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) on Indonesian version’, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1114, No. 1, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1114/1/012057
Ambrozova, P. and Kaliba, M. (2020) ‘Online Addiction Among Undergraduate Students of Education’, EDULEARN20 Proceedings, 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, pp. 3539–3545. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.0994
Ansar, F., Ali, W., Zareef, A., Masud, N., Zahab, S. and Iftikhar, H. (2020) ‘Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Depression and Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Medical School in Pakistan’, International Journal of Medical Students, Vol. 8. No. 3, pp. 251–256. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2020.740
Bipeta, R., Yerramilli, S., Karedlla, A. and Gopinath, S. (2015) ‘Diagnostic Stability of Internet Addiction in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Data from a Naturalistic One-year Treatment Study’, Innovations in clinical neuroscience, Vol. 12, No. 3-4, pp. 14–23.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. and Rubin, G. J. (2020) ‘The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence’, Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10227, pp. 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Ceyhan, A. A. (2011) ‘University Students’ Problematic Internet Use and Communication Skills according to the Internet Use Purposes’, Educational Sciences: Theory and Practise, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 69–77.
Demirer, V., Bozoglan, B. and Sahin, I. (2013) ‘Preservice teachers' Internet addiction in terms of gender, Internet access, loneliness and life satisfaction’, International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 56–63.
Douglas, A. C., Mills, J. E., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Lee, S. K., Loutfi, J., Lee, J. K., Atallah, M. and Blanton, M. (2008) ‘Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996–2006’, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 3027–3044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.009
Goswami, V. and Singh, D. R. (2016) ‘Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescent’s life: A literature review’, International Journal of Home Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 69–74.
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A. and Gorelick, D. A. (2010) ‘Introduction to behavioral addictions’, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Bhalla, A. and Avasthi, A. (2019) ‘Problematic internet use and its correlates among resident doctors of a tertiary care hospital of North India: A cross-sectional study’, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 39, pp. 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.11.018
Hawi, N. S. and Samaha, M. (2017) ‘The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students’, Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340
Hayat, A. L., Kojuri, J. and Amini, M. (2020) ‘Academic procrastination of medical students: The role of Internet addiction’, Journal of advances in medical education & professionalism, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 83–89. https://doi.org/10.30476/JAMP.2020.85000.1159
Hinojo-Lucena, F. J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, M. P., Trujillo-Torres, J. M. and Romero-Rodríguez, J. M. (2019) ‘Problematic Internet Use as a Predictor of Eating Disorders in Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study’, Nutrients, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092151
Hong, F. Y. Huang, D. H., Lin, H. Y. and Chiu, S. L. (2014) ‘Analysis of the psychological traits, Facebook usage, and Facebook addiction model of Taiwanese university students’, Telematics and Informatics, No. 31, Vol. 4, pp. 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.01.001
Hsieh, K. Y., Hsiao, R. C., Yang, Y. H., Liu, T. L. and Yen, C. F. (2018) ‘Predictive Effects of Sex, Age, Depression, and Problematic Behaviors on the Incidence and Remission of Internet Addiction in College Students: A Prospective Study’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122861
Chakraborty, K., Basu, D. and Vijaya Kumar, K. G. (2010) ‘Internet addiction: consensus, controversies, and the way ahead’, East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 123–132.
Chen, S. H., Weng, L. C., Su, Y. J., Wu, H. M. and Yang, P. F. (2003) ‘Development of Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and its psychometric study’, Chinese Journal of Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1037/t44491-000
Cheng, C. and Li, A. Y. (2014) ‘Internet Addiction Prevalence and Quality of (Real) Life: A Meta-Analysis of 31 Nations Across Seven World Regions’, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 755–760. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0317
Cheng, Y. S., Tseng, P. T., Lin, P. Y., Chen, T. Y., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Wu, C. K., Chen, Y. W. and Wu, M. K. (2018) ‘Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Suicidal Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of Multinational Observational Studies’, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol. 79, No. 4:17r11761. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11761
Chi, X., Hong, X. and Chen, X. (2020) ‘Profiles and sociodemographic correlates of Internet addiction in early adolescents in southern China’, Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 106, No. 2, 106385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106385
Chiu, C. J. (2019) ‘Relationship between Internet Behaviors and Social Engagement in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030416
Chóliz, M. (2012) ‘Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence: The Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMD)’, Progress in Health Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 33–44.
Chóliz, M. (2010) ‘Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue’, Addiction, Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x
Chou, C. and Hsiao, M. C. (2000) ‘Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students’ case’, Computers and Education Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(00)00019-1
Chraska, M. (2019) ‘Typology Of Czech University Students By Their Internet Addiction’, Education and Educational Psychology – Conference Proceedings, ICEEPSY 2019, pp. 558–567. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.11.65
Ioannidis, K., Hook, R., Goudriaan, A. E., Vlies, S., Fineberg, N. A., Grant, J. E. and Chamberlain, S. R. (2019) ‘Cognitive deficits in problematic internet use: Meta-analysis of 40 studies’, The Brittish Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 215, No. 5, pp. 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.3
Kaliba, M. (2020) Rizikové chování vysokoškolských studentů v kyberprostoru [Risk behavior in cyberspace among university students], [thesis], Hradec Kralove: University of Hradec Králové.
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, S. H., Yang, M. J., Lin, H. C. and Yen, C. F. (2009) ‘Proposed diagnostic criteria and the screening and diagnosing tool of Internet addiction in college students’, Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 378–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.019
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. C., Yen, C. N. and Chen, S. H. (2005) ‘Screening for internet addiction: an empirical study on cut-off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale’, The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 12, pp. 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70206-2
Kuss, D. and Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016) ‘Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research’, World Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 143–176. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.il.143
Lai, E. Ch., Mak, K. K., Watanabe, H., Ang, R. P., Pang, J. S. and Ho R. C. M. (2013) ‘Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test in Chinese Adolescent’, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 794–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst022
Li, L., Xu, D., Chai, J., Wang, D., Li, L., Zhang, L., Lu, L., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Mei, S. and Xiang, Y. (2018) ‘Prevalence of internet addiction disorder in Chinese university students: A comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies’, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.53
Lin, M. P. (2020) ‘Prevalence of Internet Addiction during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Risk Factors among Junior High School Students in Taiwan’, Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, No. 22, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228547
Mak, K., Lai, C. M., Ko, C. H., Chou, C., Kim, D. I., Watanabe, H. and Ho, R. C. (2014) ‘Psychometric properties of the revised Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R) in Chinese Adolescents’, Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Vol. 42, pp. 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9851-3
Milkova, E. and Ambrozova, P. (2018) ‘Internet Use and Abuse: Connection with Internet Addiction’, ERIES Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 22–28. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2018.110201
Morahan-Martin, J. and Schumacher, P. (2000) ‘Incidence and Correlates of Pathological Internet Use among College Students’, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(99)00049-7
Moreno-Guerrero, A., López-Belmonte, J., Romero-Rodríguez, J. and Rodríguez-García, A. (2020) ‘Nomophobia: impact of cell phone use and time to rest among teacher students’, Heliyon, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04084
Pan, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2020) ‘Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 118, pp.612–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.013
Poli, R. (2017) ‘Internet addiction update: diagnostic criteria, assessment and prevalence’, Neuropsychiatry (London), Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 4–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000171
Potenza, M. N. (2009) ‘Non-substance and substance addictions’, Addiction, Vol. 104, No. 6, pp. 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02619.x
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B. and Xu, Y. (2020) ‘A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations’, General Psychiatry, Vol. 33, No. 2, e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
Ramiz, L., Contrand, B., Castro, M. Y. R., Dupuy, M., Lu, L., Sztal-Kutas, C. and Lagarde, E.(2021) ‘A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population’, Global Health, Vol. 17, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00682-8
Salehi, M., Khalili, M. N., Hojjat, S. K., Salehi, M. and Danesh, A. (2014) ‘Prevalence of internet addiction and associated factors among medical students from mashhad, iran in 2013’, Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, Vol. 16, No. 5. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17256
Shen, Y., Meng, F., Xu, H., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, C., Luo, X. and Zhang, X. Y. (2020) ‘Internet addiction among college students in a Chinese population: Prevalence, correlates, and its relationship with suicide attempts’, Depression & Anxiety, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 812–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23036
Shen, Y., Wang, L., Huang, C., Guo, J., De Leon, S. A., Lu, J., Luo, X. and Zhang, X. Y. (2021) ‘Sex differences in prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of internet addiction among Chinese college students’, Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 279, pp. 680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.054
Siste, K., Hanafi, E. Sen, L. T., Christian, H., Adrian, Siswidiani, L. P., Limawan, A. P., Murtani, B. J. and Suwartono, Ch. (2020) ‘The Impact of Physical Distancing and Associated Factors Towards Internet Addiction Among Adults in Indonesia During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Web-Based Study’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 11, 580977. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580977
Skarupova, K. and Blinka, L. (2015) ‘Interpersonal dependency and online gaming addiction’, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 108–114. http://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.002
Tóth, G., Kapus, K., Hesszenberger, D., Pohl, M., Kósa, G., Kiss, J., Pusch, G., Fejes, É., Tibold, A. and Feher, G. (2021) ‘Prevalence and Risk Factors of Internet Addiction among Hungarian High School Teachers’, Life, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11030194
Vacek, J. and Vondrackova, P. (2014) ‘Behaviorální závislosti: klasifikace, fenomenologie, prevalence a terapie’ [Behavioural addictions: classification, phenomenology, prevalence and therapy], Česká a slovenská psychiatrie, Vol. 110, No. 6, pp. 144–150.
Weinstein A. and Lejoyeux, M. (2010) ‘Internet addiction or excessive Internet use’, The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 277–283. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491880
Young, K. S. (1998) ‘Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder’, CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 1, No. 3. pp. 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Young, K., Pistner, M., O'mara, J., Buchanan, J. (1999) ‘Cyber disorders: The mental health concern for the new millenium’, CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 2, No.5, pp. 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1999.2.475
Zenebe, Y., Kunno, K., Mekonnen, M., Bewuket, A., Birkie, M., Necho, M., Seid, M., Tsegaw, M. and Akele, B. (2021) ‘Prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction among undergraduate university students in Ethiopia: a community university-based cross-sectional study’, BMC Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00508-z
Zhang, M. V. B., Lim, R. B. C., Lee, Ch. and Ho, R. C. M. (2018) ‘Prevalence of Internet Addiction in Medical Students: a Meta-analysis’, Academic Psychiatry, Vol. 42, pp. 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0794-1
Zou, Z., Wang, H., d’Oleire Uquillas, F., Wang, X., Ding, J. and Chen, H. (2017) ‘Definition of Substance and Non-Substance Addiction. Substance and Non-Substance Addiction’, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 1010, pp. 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_2
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Eva Milková, Martin Kaliba, Petra Ambrozova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors declare with this manuscript intended for publication to ERIES Journal that:
- all co-authors agree with the publication of the manuscript even after amendments arising from peer review;
- all co-authors agree with the posting of the full text of this work on the web page of ERIES Journal and to the inclusion of references in databases accessible on the internet;
- no results of other researchers were used in the submitted manuscript without their consent, proper citation, or acknowledgement of their cooperation or material provided;
- the results (or any part of them) used in the manuscript have not been sent for publication to any other journal nor have they already been published (or if so, that the relevant works are cited in this manuscript);
- submission of the manuscript for publication was completed in accordance with the publishing regulations pertaining to place of work;
- experiments performed comply with current laws and written consent of the Scientific Ethics Committee / National Animal Care Authority (as is mentioned in the manuscript submitted);
- grant holders confirm that they have been informed of the submitted manuscript and they agree to its publication.
Authors retain copyright and grant ERIES Journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the published work with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. Moreover, authors are able to post the published work in an institutional repository with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in ERIES Journal. In addition, authors are permitted and encouraged to post the published work online (e.g. institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.